");vwo_$('head').append(_vwo_sel);return vwo_$('head')[0] && vwo_$('head')[0].lastChild;})("HEAD")}}},rules:[{"tags":[{"metricId":959033,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":2,"c":64}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":959033,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":3,"c":16}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":959033,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":3,"c":48}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":959033,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":2,"c":65}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":959033,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":1,"c":62}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":959033,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":2,"c":39}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":959033,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":2,"c":63}],"type":"m"}}],"triggers":["8536415"]},{"tags":[{"metricId":0,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":5,"c":39}],"type":"g"}}],"triggers":["12454056"]},{"tags":[{"id":"runCampaign","data":"campaigns.64","priority":4},{"id":"runCampaign","data":"campaigns.16","priority":4},{"id":"runCampaign","data":"campaigns.48","priority":4},{"id":"runCampaign","data":"campaigns.62","priority":4},{"id":"runCampaign","data":"campaigns.63","priority":4}],"triggers":["10589191"]},{"tags":[{"metricId":0,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":6,"c":39}],"type":"g"}}],"triggers":["12454059"]},{"tags":[{"id":"runCampaign","data":"campaigns.65","priority":0}],"triggers":["12928443"]},{"tags":[{"id":"runCampaign","data":"campaigns.39","priority":4}],"triggers":["12454053"]},{"tags":[{"metricId":959030,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":3,"c":64}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":959030,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":4,"c":16}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":959030,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":4,"c":48}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":959030,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":3,"c":65}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":959030,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":2,"c":62}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":959030,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":1,"c":39}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":959030,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":3,"c":63}],"type":"m"}}],"triggers":["8536412"]},{"tags":[{"metricId":0,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":7,"c":39}],"type":"g"}}],"triggers":["12454062"]},{"tags":[{"metricId":951905,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":5,"c":64}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":951905,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":2,"c":16}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":951905,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":2,"c":48}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":951905,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":5,"c":65}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":951905,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":5,"c":62}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":951905,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":4,"c":39}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":951905,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":5,"c":63}],"type":"m"}}],"triggers":["8459768"]},{"tags":[{"metricId":0,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":5,"c":16}],"type":"g"}}],"triggers":["12639747"]},{"tags":[{"metricId":951908,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":1,"c":64}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":951908,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":6,"c":16}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":951908,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":1,"c":48}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":951908,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":1,"c":65}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":951908,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":4,"c":62}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":951908,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":1,"c":63}],"type":"m"}}],"triggers":["8639604"]},{"tags":[{"metricId":959027,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":4,"c":64}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":959027,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":1,"c":16}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":959027,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":5,"c":48}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":959027,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":4,"c":65}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":959027,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":3,"c":62}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":959027,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":3,"c":39}],"type":"m"}},{"metricId":959027,"id":"metric","data":{"campaigns":[{"g":4,"c":63}],"type":"m"}}],"triggers":["8536409"]},{"tags":[{"id":"visibilityService","priority":2}],"triggers":["9"]},{"tags":[{"id":"runTestCampaign"}],"triggers":["2"]},{"tags":[{"id":"urlChange"}],"triggers":["75"]},{"tags":[{"id":"checkEnvironment"}],"triggers":["5"]},{"tags":[{"id":"prePostMutation","priority":3},{"priority":2,"id":"groupCampaigns"}],"triggers":["8"]}],pages:{"pc":[{"141375":{"inc":["o",["url","urlReg","(?i)^https?\\:\\\/\\\/(w{3}\\.)?mprnews\\.org\\\/story.*"],["url","urlReg","(?i)^https?\\:\\\/\\\/(w{3}\\.)?mprnews\\.org\\\/episode.*"]]}}],"ec":[{"1625289":{"inc":["o",["url","urlReg","(?i).*"]]}},{"2121531":{"inc":["o",["pg","eq","141375"]]}}]},pagesEval:{"pc":[141375],"ec":[1625289,2121531]},stags:{}}})(); ;;var commonWrapper=function(argument){if(!argument){argument={valuesGetter:function(){return{}},valuesSetter:function(){},verifyData:function(){return{}}}}const getVisitorUuid=function(){if(window._vwo_acc_id>=1037725){return window.VWO&&window.VWO.get("visitor.id")}else{return window.VWO._&&window.VWO._.cookies&&window.VWO._.cookies.get("_vwo_uuid")}};var pollInterval=100;var timeout=6e4;return function(){var accountIntegrationSettings={};var _interval=null;function waitForAnalyticsVariables(){try{accountIntegrationSettings=argument.valuesGetter();accountIntegrationSettings.visitorUuid=getVisitorUuid()}catch(error){accountIntegrationSettings=undefined}if(accountIntegrationSettings&&argument.verifyData(accountIntegrationSettings)){argument.valuesSetter(accountIntegrationSettings);return 1}return 0}var currentTime=0;_interval=setInterval((function(){currentTime=currentTime||performance.now();var result=waitForAnalyticsVariables();if(result||performance.now()-currentTime>=timeout){clearInterval(_interval)}}),pollInterval)}}; var pushBasedCommonWrapper=function(argument){var firedCamp={};if(!argument){argument={integrationName:"",getExperimentList:function(){},accountSettings:function(){},pushData:function(){}}}return function(){window.VWO=window.VWO||[];const getVisitorUuid=function(){if(window._vwo_acc_id>=1037725){return window.VWO&&window.VWO.get("visitor.id")}else{return window.VWO._&&window.VWO._.cookies&&window.VWO._.cookies.get("_vwo_uuid")}};var sendDebugLogsOld=function(expId,variationId,errorType,user_type,data){try{var errorPayload={f:argument["integrationName"]||"",a:window._vwo_acc_id,url:window.location.href,exp:expId,v:variationId,vwo_uuid:getVisitorUuid(),user_type:user_type};if(errorType=="initIntegrationCallback"){errorPayload["log_type"]="initIntegrationCallback";errorPayload["data"]=JSON.stringify(data||"")}else if(errorType=="timeout"){errorPayload["timeout"]=true}if(window.VWO._.customError){window.VWO._.customError({msg:"integration debug",url:window.location.href,lineno:"",colno:"",source:JSON.stringify(errorPayload)})}}catch(e){window.VWO._.customError&&window.VWO._.customError({msg:"integration debug failed",url:"",lineno:"",colno:"",source:""})}};var sendDebugLogs=function(expId,variationId,errorType,user_type){var eventName="vwo_debugLogs";var eventPayload={};try{eventPayload={intName:argument["integrationName"]||"",varId:variationId,expId:expId,type:errorType,vwo_uuid:getVisitorUuid(),user_type:user_type};if(window.VWO._.event){window.VWO._.event(eventName,eventPayload,{enableLogs:1})}}catch(e){eventPayload={msg:"integration event log failed",url:window.location.href};window.VWO._.event&&window.VWO._.event(eventName,eventPayload)}};const callbackFn=function(data){if(!data)return;var expId=data[1],variationId=data[2],repeated=data[0],singleCall=0,debug=0;var experimentList=argument.getExperimentList();var integrationName=argument["integrationName"]||"vwo";if(typeof argument.accountSettings==="function"){var accountSettings=argument.accountSettings();if(accountSettings){singleCall=accountSettings["singleCall"];debug=accountSettings["debug"]}}if(debug){sendDebugLogs(expId,variationId,"intCallTriggered",repeated)}if(singleCall&&(repeated==="vS"||repeated==="vSS")||firedCamp[expId]){return}window.expList=window.expList||{};var expList=window.expList[integrationName]=window.expList[integrationName]||[];if(expId&&variationId&&["VISUAL_AB","VISUAL","SPLIT_URL"].indexOf(_vwo_exp[expId].type)>-1){if(experimentList.indexOf(+expId)!==-1){firedCamp[expId]=variationId;var visitorUuid=getVisitorUuid();var pollInterval=100;var currentTime=0;var timeout=6e4;var user_type=_vwo_exp[expId].exec?"vwo-retry":"vwo-new";var interval=setInterval((function(){if(expList.indexOf(expId)!==-1){clearInterval(interval);return}currentTime=currentTime||performance.now();var toClearInterval=argument.pushData(expId,variationId,visitorUuid);if(debug&&toClearInterval){sendDebugLogsOld(expId,variationId,"",user_type);sendDebugLogs(expId,variationId,"intDataPushed",user_type)}var isTimeout=performance.now()-currentTime>=timeout;if(isTimeout&&debug){sendDebugLogsOld(expId,variationId,"timeout",user_type);sendDebugLogs(expId,variationId,"intTimeout",user_type)}if(toClearInterval||isTimeout){clearInterval(interval)}if(toClearInterval){window.expList[integrationName].push(expId)}}),pollInterval||100)}}};window.VWO.push(["onVariationApplied",callbackFn]);window.VWO.push(["onVariationShownSent",callbackFn])}}; var surveyDataCommonWrapper=function(argument){if(!argument){argument={getCampaignList:function(){return[]},surveyStatusChange:function(){},answerSubmitted:function(){}}}return function(){window.VWO=window.VWO||[];function getValuesFromAnswers(answers){var values=[];for(var i=0;i=timeout;if(toClearInterval||isTimeout){clearInterval(interval)}}),pollInterval)}}window.VWO.push(["onSurveyShown",function(data){commonSurveyCallback(data,argument.surveyStatusChange,"surveyShown")}]);window.VWO.push(["onSurveyCompleted",function(data){commonSurveyCallback(data,argument.surveyStatusChange,"surveyCompleted")}]);window.VWO.push(["onSurveyAnswerSubmitted",function(data){commonSurveyCallback(data,argument.answerSubmitted,"surveySubmitted")}])}}; (function(){var VWOOmniTemp={};window.VWOOmni=window.VWOOmni||{};for(var key in VWOOmniTemp)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(VWOOmniTemp,key)&&(window.VWOOmni[key]=VWOOmniTemp[key]);;})();(function(){window.VWO=window.VWO||[];var pollInterval=100;var _vis_data={};var intervalObj={};var analyticsTimerObj={};var experimentListObj={};window.VWO.push(["onVariationApplied",function(data){if(!data){return}var expId=data[1],variationId=data[2];if(expId&&variationId&&["VISUAL_AB","VISUAL","SPLIT_URL"].indexOf(window._vwo_exp[expId].type)>-1){}}])})();; ;var vD=VWO.data||{};VWO.data={content:{"fns":{"list":{"args":{"1":{}},"vn":1}}},as:"r6.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com",dacdnUrl:"https://dev.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com",accountJSInfo:{"ts":1744033062,"rp":30,"noSS":false,"pc":{"t":0,"a":0}}};for(var k in vD){VWO.data[k]=vD[k]};;var gcpfb=function(a,loadFunc,status,err,success){function vwoErr() {_vwo_err({message:"Google_Cdn failing for " + a + ". Trying Fallback..",code:"cloudcdnerr",status:status});} if(a.indexOf("/cdn/")!==-1){loadFunc(a.replace("cdn/",""),err,success); vwoErr(); return true;} else if(a.indexOf("/dcdn/")!==-1&&a.indexOf("evad.js") !== -1){loadFunc(a.replace("dcdn/",""),err,success); vwoErr(); return true;}};window.VWO=window.VWO || [];window.VWO._= window.VWO._ || {};window.VWO._.gcpfb=gcpfb;;var d={cookie:document.cookie,URL:document.URL,referrer:document.referrer};var w={VWO:{_:{}},location:{href:window.location.href,search:window.location.search},_vwoCc:window._vwoCc};;window._vwo_cdn="https://dev.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com/cdn/";window._vwo_apm_debug_cdn="https://dev.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com/cdn/";window.VWO._.useCdn=true;window.vwo_eT="br";window._VWO=window._VWO||{};window._VWO.fSeg={};window._VWO.dcdnUrl="/dcdn/settings.js";window.VWO.sTs=1744023058;window._VWO._vis_nc_lib=window._vwo_cdn+"edrv/nc-7ac801e4089cd91a786fef014e4c85b6br.js";var loadWorker=function(url){_vwo_code.load(url, { dSC: true, onloadCb: function(xhr,a){window._vwo_wt_l=true;if(xhr.status===200 ||xhr.status===304){var code="var window="+JSON.stringify(w)+",document="+JSON.stringify(d)+";window.document=document;"+xhr.responseText;var blob=new Blob([code||"throw new Error('code not found!');"],{type:"application/javascript"}),url=URL.createObjectURL(blob);window.mainThread={webWorker:new Worker(url)};window.vwoChannelFW=new MessageChannel();window.vwoChannelToW=new MessageChannel();window.mainThread.webWorker.postMessage({vwoChannelToW:vwoChannelToW.port1,vwoChannelFW:vwoChannelFW.port2},[vwoChannelToW.port1, vwoChannelFW.port2]);if(!window._vwo_mt_f)return window._vwo_wt_f=true;_vwo_code.addScript({text:window._vwo_mt_f});delete window._vwo_mt_f}else{if(gcpfb(a,loadWorker,xhr.status)){return;}_vwo_code.finish("&e=loading_failure:"+a)}}, onerrorCb: function(a){if(gcpfb(a,loadWorker)){return;}window._vwo_wt_l=true;_vwo_code.finish("&e=loading_failure:"+a);}})};loadWorker("https://dev.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com/cdn/edrv/worker-8e256d147e8184665e6fbada421c009cbr.js");;var _vis_opt_file;var _vis_opt_lib;if(window.VWO._.allSettings.dataStore.previewExtraSettings!=undefined&&window.VWO._.allSettings.dataStore.previewExtraSettings.isSurveyPreviewMode){var surveyHash=window.VWO._.allSettings.dataStore.plugins.LIBINFO.SURVEY_DEBUG_EVENTS.HASH;var param1="evad.js?va=";var param2="&d=debugger_new";var param3="&sp=1&a=940895&sh="+surveyHash;_vis_opt_file=vwoCode.use_existing_jquery&&typeof vwoCode.use_existing_jquery()!=="undefined"?vwoCode.use_existing_jquery()?param1+"vanj"+param2:param1+"va_gq"+param2:param1+"edrv/va_gq-5a6f22c813a9df49f96c06d31639d839br.js"+param2;_vis_opt_file=_vis_opt_file+param3;_vis_opt_lib="https://dev.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com/dcdn/"+_vis_opt_file}else if(window.VWO._.allSettings.dataStore.mode!=undefined&&window.VWO._.allSettings.dataStore.mode=="PREVIEW"){ var path1 = 'edrv/pd_'; var path2 = window.VWO._.allSettings.dataStore.plugins.LIBINFO.EVAD.HASH + ".js"; ;_vis_opt_file=vwoCode.use_existing_jquery&&typeof vwoCode.use_existing_jquery()!=="undefined"?vwoCode.use_existing_jquery()?path1+"vanj"+path2:path1+"va_gq"+path2:path1+"edrv/va_gq-5a6f22c813a9df49f96c06d31639d839br.js"+path2;_vis_opt_lib="https://dev.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com/cdn/"+_vis_opt_file}else{_vis_opt_file=vwoCode.use_existing_jquery&&typeof vwoCode.use_existing_jquery()!=="undefined"?vwoCode.use_existing_jquery()?"edrv/vanj-2a6483c5cf610990bd17cb7b26c36012br.js":"edrv/va_gq-5a6f22c813a9df49f96c06d31639d839br.js":"edrv/va_gq-5a6f22c813a9df49f96c06d31639d839br.js"}window._vwo_library_timer=setTimeout((function(){vwoCode.removeLoaderAndOverlay&&vwoCode.removeLoaderAndOverlay();vwoCode.finish()}),vwoCode.library_tolerance&&typeof vwoCode.library_tolerance()!=="undefined"?vwoCode.library_tolerance():2500),_vis_opt_lib=typeof _vis_opt_lib=="undefined"?window._vwo_cdn+_vis_opt_file:_vis_opt_lib;var loadLib=function(url){_vwo_code.load(url, { dSC: true, onloadCb:function(xhr,a){window._vwo_mt_l=true;if(xhr.status===200 || xhr.status===304){if(!window._vwo_wt_f)return window._vwo_mt_f=xhr.responseText;_vwo_code.addScript({text:xhr.responseText});delete window._vwo_wt_f;}else{if(gcpfb(a,loadLib,xhr.status)){return;}_vwo_code.finish("&e=loading_failure:"+a);}}, onerrorCb: function(a){if(gcpfb(a,loadLib)){return;}window._vwo_mt_l=true;_vwo_code.finish("&e=loading_failure:"+a);}})};loadLib(_vis_opt_lib);VWO.load_co=function(u,opts){return window._vwo_code.load(u,opts);};;;}}catch(e){_vwo_code.finish();_vwo_code.removeLoaderAndOverlay&&_vwo_code.removeLoaderAndOverlay();_vwo_err(e);window.VWO.caE=1}})();

'The Moral Arc:' What's behind the world's good behavior?

'The Moral Arc' by Michael Shermer
'The Moral Arc' by Michael Shermer
Courtesy of Henry Holt

History is filled with horrific acts, from centuries of slavery to mass genocide to the spectacle of public executions. People once filled the public square to watch heads roll.

Though such atrocities still occur in the modern age, the scale has decreased dramatically. What explains this shift? Has the world become more moral? And if so, how?

In "The Moral Arc," Michael Shermer tackles this question with the idea of scientific reasoning. He argues that the rise of "scientific rationalism" has created a more aware and informed population, which is in turn less prone to violence.

The power to reason and to compare has effectively re-calibrated the world's moral compass.

Shermer joined MPR News' Kerri Miller to discuss his book and how it applies to modern conflicts.

Volume Button
Volume
Now Listening To Livestream
MPR News logo
On Air
MPR News