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Sarah Thamer

A pesar de su legalización, el cannabis puede tener un impacto legal en los inmigrantes que no son ciudadanos estadounidenses

A marijuana plant grows
En esta fotografía de junio del 2015, plantas de marihuana crecen en LifeLine Labs en Cottage Grove, Minnesota. El 1 de agosto, Minnesota se convirtió en el estado número 23 del país en legalizar el cannabis para uso recreativo. Pero ésta sigue siendo una droga de lista 1 según ley federal, lo que podría tener consecuencias para quienes no son ciudadanos estadounidenses.
Jim Mone | AP 2015

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Usar y poseer cannabis es legal para adultos mayores de 21 años en Minnesota. Sin embargo, sigue siendo ilegal según la ley federal y los expertos legales dicen que la distinción es importante para los inmigrantes que aún no son ciudadanos estadounidenses.

Julia Decker, directora de políticas del Centro de Derecho de Inmigrantes de Minnesota (ILCM por sus siglas en inglés), dijo que esa es una distinción importante para cualquiera que no sea ciudadano estadounidense, incluso si tiene una tarjeta verde (“green card”) u otro tipo de estatus migratorio legal.

“El cannabis sigue siendo una sustancia controlada a nivel federal, lo que significa que podría enfrentar consecuencias migratorias por cualquier tipo de actividad o posesión de cannabis, a pesar de que sea legal en Minnesota según la ley estatal de Minnesota”, dijo Decker.

A professional portrait of a woman.
Julia Decker
Cortesía de la Universidad de Minnesota

Decker dice que la deportación puede ser una de las consecuencias. Según ella, lo que hace que esto sea complejo es que alguien en Minnesota pueda poseer una pequeña cantidad de marihuana para uso personal y no recibir una condena penal según la nueva ley.

“Sin embargo, en algunas solicitudes de inmigración se pregunta: '¿Alguna vez ha cometido un acto criminal por el cual no fue acusado ni condenado?' Y, por supuesto, esas son solicitudes en las que alguien jura bajo pena de perjurio que está diciendo la verdad”, dijo Decker.

Decker dijo que incluso si alguien no tuviera un caso penal, podría haber consecuencias. 

Linus Chan, profesor clínico de derecho en la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Minnesota, dice que el sistema también puede ser un desafío para los abogados.

A professional portrait of a man.
Linus Chan
Cortesía de la Universidad de Minnesota

“A menudo, cuando la gente se refiere a si algo es un delito o no, no distingue entre la ley estatal y la ley federal”, dijo Chan. “Así que es muy raro, por ejemplo, que la gente diga eso. Por lo tanto, también puede resultar confuso para los abogados tener que analizar dos tipos de leyes diferentes”.

Chan también dijo que un área donde esto es común es cuando se analiza la eliminación de condenas. Dice que alguien condenado en un tribunal estatal podría obtener una eliminación de antecedentes penales, pero que tal vez no haga una diferencia a nivel federal.

“Y la mayoría de la gente pensaría, bueno, si esa es la forma en que un estado aborda si tienes o no una condena, entonces ¿por qué sería diferente para el Congreso o el gobierno federal? Pero desafortunadamente, es muy diferente para el gobierno federal, y especialmente en la ley de inmigración”, dijo.

Chan dijo que esto se debe en parte a las leyes de inmigración que se establecieron a mediados de los años 90 o incluso antes y que no han cambiado mucho.

La ley federal de inmigración, dijo, tampoco hace excepciones para la marihuana recetada médicamente o si alguien trabaja en un dispensario.

Sin embargo, tanto Chan como Decker dicen que una condena por marihuana no impide automáticamente que alguien se naturalice ni hace que alguien sea deportado, pero los riesgos son mayores para quienes no tienen la ciudadanía.

Decker dice que si bien algunas distinciones en la ley pueden ser necesarias, las leyes sobre la marihuana ilustran cuán arbitrarias pueden ser tales distinciones.

“Creo que, como ocurre con muchos otros asuntos entre ciudadanos y no ciudadanos, hay varias instancias en las que parece fundamentalmente injusto que las personas estén sujetas a estándares legales realmente diferentes”.

Decker dice que cualquiera que actualmente esté navegando por el sistema de inmigración debería consultar con un abogado de inmigración.

Ella dice que Minnesota todavía se encuentra en las primeras etapas de legalización de la marihuana. Decker y muchos otros en su campo están siguiendo de cerca cómo esto afectará a los futuros ciudadanos potenciales de Minnesota.

Nicole Johnson, asistente de producción digital de MPR News, colaboró en la traducción de esta cobertura.

MPR News Assistant Digital Producer Nicole Johnson contributed to the translation of this report.

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